Association of blood heavy metal levels with osteocalcin abnormality and incidence of osteoporosis in Saudi subjects / Associação de anormalidades de osteocalcina nos níveis de metais pesados no sangue e incidência de osteoporose em indivíduos sauditas

Abstract Serum toxic metals have been implicated in development of many diseases. This study investigated the association between blood levels of lead and cadmium with abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) and incidence of osteoporosis. Sixty Saudi male adults age matching were assigned into two groups: A healthy control group (n = 30) and osteoporosis patients diagnosed according to T-score (n = 30). Serum calcium, vitamin D, osteocalcin, lead, cadmium were measured. Osteoporotic group showed a highly significant elevation of blood lead and cadmium levels compared to the control group (p <0.001). BMD was negatively correlated with serum osteocalcin level compared with control. There was a significant negative correlation between the cadmium and lead levels (r=-0.465 and p-value = 0.01) and calcium (p < 0.004). Our findings suggested that high cadmium and lead were negative correlated to BMD and increased the risk factor for osteoporosis.

Resumo Os metais tóxicos do soro têm sido implicados no desenvolvimento de muitas doenças. Este estudo investigou a associação entre os níveis sanguíneos de chumbo e cádmio com densidade mineral óssea anormal (DMO) e incidência de osteoporose. Sessenta adultos sauditas do sexo masculino com idades iguais foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo de controle saudável (n = 30) e pacientes com osteoporose diagnosticados de acordo com o T-score (n = 30). Cálcio sérico, vitamina D, osteocalcina, chumbo, cádmio foram medidos. O grupo osteoporótico apresentou elevação altamente significativa dos níveis de chumbo e cádmio no sangue em comparação ao grupo controle (p < 0,001). A DMO foi negativamente correlacionada com o nível de osteocalcina sérica em comparação com o controle. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre os níveis de cádmio e chumbo (r = -0,465 ep = 0,01) e cálcio (p < 0,004). Nossos achados sugeriram que cádmio e chumbo elevados foram correlacionados negativamente à DMO e aumentaram o fator de risco para osteoporose.

A study on the Charlson comorbidity index and health-related quality of life in the middle-aged and elderly osteoporosis population / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the characteristics of comorbidities in patients with osteoporosis(OP) and factors associated health-related quality of life, so as to provide decision-making reference for improving the ability of disease co-prevention and co-treatment and the patient's life-cycle quality of life.@*METHODS@#From November 2017 to July 2018, clinical information and biological samples from residents in 10 communities in Chaoyang District and Fengtai Distric of Beijing were collected, and bone density testing was conducted. Based on the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), the comorbidity of the population was quantified, and grouped according to factors such as gender, age, and the differences between the groups were explored. Combined with the clinical information of patients, the difference characteristics of comorbidity and non-comorbidity population were analyzed. Pearson/Spearman correlation analysis and binary Logistic regression analysis were used to explore the factors affecting the health-related quality of life in patients with OP.@*RESULTS@#Among the 521 OP patients, 121 patients had no comorbidities, and there were 153, 106, 65, and 30 patients with one, two, three, and four comorbidities, respectively, 46 patients with 5 or more kinds of comorbidites. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity in OP patients, accounting for 21.60%;followed by hyperlipidemia, accounting for 13.51%. The most common combination of the two diseases was hypertension plus hyperlipidemia (64 cases, 12.28%). Through the analysis of differences between age groups, it was found that the older patients, showed higher the CCI, and the difference between groups was statistically significant(Z=1.93, P=0.05). There were significant differences in the total EQ-5D score and the dimensions of anxiety and depression between patients with comorbidities (CCI≠0) and non-comorbidities (CCI=0) (Z=-2.67, P=0.01;Z=-2.44, P=0.02). Correlation analysis found that CCI, history of fracture, history of falls, hip bone mineral density T value and parathyroid hormone were all related to the health-related quality of life in OP patients (P<0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis suggested that the right hip bone mineral density T value (P=0.02), CCI (P=0.01), fracture history (P=0.03) and fall history (P=0.01) were the risk factors that affect the health-related quality of life in OP patients.@*CONCLUSION@#The burden of comorbidities among middle-aged and elderly OP populations in Beijing is relatively heavy, and the health management of such populations should be further strengthened, specifically the combination of multiple comorbidities should be given high priority. Comorbid factors are of great importance for the diagnosis and treatment strategy of OP patients, which could further improve the quality of life.

Prevalence of osteoporosis and related factors in postmenopausal women aged 40 and above in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the prevalence of osteoporosis and related factors in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years in China and provide scientific evidence for osteoporosis prevention and control. Methods: Data of this study were from the 2018 China Osteoporosis Epidemiological Survey, covering 44 counties (districts) in 11 provinces in China. Related variables were collected by questionnaire survey and physical measurement, and the BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorption method. The prevalence of osteoporosis and its 95%CI in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years were estimated with complex sampling weights. Results: A total of 5 728 postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years were included in the analysis and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 32.5% (95%CI: 30.3%-34.7%). The prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women aged 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years were 16.0% (95%CI:4.5%-27.5%), 18.4% (95%CI:15.9%-20.8%), 37.5% (95%CI:34.5%-40.4%), 52.9% (95%CI: 47.5%-58.3%), and 68.0% (95%CI:55.9%-80.1%) respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis was higher (P<0.001) in those with education level of primary school or below (47.2%, 95%CI: 43.0%-51.3%) and in those with individual annual income less than 10 000 Yuan, (40.3%, 95%CI: 36.9%-43.7%). The prevalence of osteoporosis was 35.1% in rural areas (95%CI: 32.0%-38.1%), which was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.001). The prevalence of osteoporosis in low weight, normal weight, overweight and obese groups were 69.9% (95%CI: 59.0%-80.8%), 42.2% (95%CI: 38.7%-45.7%), 24.2% (95%CI: 21.3%-27.1%) and 14.6% (95%CI: 11.1%-18.0%), respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis in those with menstrual maintenance years ≤30 years and in those with menopause years ≥11 years were 46.1% (95%CI:40.8%-51.3%) and 48.2% (95%CI:45.0%-51.3%), respectively. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age ≥60 years, education level of primary school or below, annual household income per capita less than 10 000 Yuan, low body weight, menstrual maintenance years ≤30 years, menopause years ≥11 years were risk factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in China. Conclusions: The prevalence of osteoporosis was high in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years in China, and there were differences in osteoporosis prevalence among different socioeconomic groups. Effective interventions should be taken for the prevention and control of osteoporosis in key groups in the future.

Osteosarcopenia and trabecular bone score in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of osteosarcopenia and the association of osteosarcopenia with trabecular bone score (TBS) in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DMG) compared with a paired control group (CG). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with men and women ≥ 50 years recruited by convenience. Patients in both groups answered questionnaires and underwent evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD), handgrip strength (HGS), and TBS. The T2DMG also underwent a gait speed (GS) test. Sarcopenia was defined as low lean mass plus low HGS or GS according to the Foundation for the National Institute of Health Sarcopenia Project, and osteosarcopenia was deemed present when sarcopenia was associated with osteopenia, osteoporosis, or low-energy trauma fractures. Results: The T2DMG (n = 177) and CG (n = 146) had, respectively, mean ages of 65.1 ± 8.2 years and 68.8 ± 11.0 years and 114 (64.4%) and 80 (54.7%) women. T2DMG versus the CG had higher rates of osteosarcopenia (11.9% versus 2.14%, respectively, p = 0.010), sarcopenia (12.9% versus 5.4%, respectively, p < 0.030), and fractures (29.9% versus 18.5%, respectively, p = 0.019), and lower HGS values (24.4 ± 10.3 kg versus 30.9 ± 9.15 kg, respectively, p < 0.001), but comparable BMD values. Mean TBS values were 1.272 ± 0.11 and 1.320 ± 0.12, respectively (p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, age, greater waist circumference, fractures, and osteoporosis increased the risk of degraded TBS. Osteosarcopenia was associated with diabetes complications (p = 0.03), calcium and vitamin D supplementation (p = 0.01), and all components of osteosarcopenia diagnosis (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with the CG, the T2DMG had a higher prevalence of osteosarcopenia, sarcopenia, and fractures and lower bone quality assessed by TBS.

Association between fractures and traditional risk factors for osteoporosis and low bone mineral density in patients with obesity

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the reasons for request of bone mineral density (BMD) evaluation and correlate the BMD results with previous fractures, risk factors for osteoporosis, and clinical characteristics in patients with obesity. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional, retrospective, single-site study including adult patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 and BMD evaluation between January 2015 and May 2016 selected from a BMD database. Data on demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, comorbidities, medications, risk factors, previous fractures, and indications for BMD evaluation were collected from the participants' medical records. Results: The study included 619 patients (89.9% women, mean BMI 34.79 ± 4.05 kg/m2). In all, 382 (61.7%), 166 (26.8%), and 71 (11.5%) patients had class 1, 2, and 3 obesity, respectively. The most frequent (29.9%) reason for BMD evaluation was for osteoporosis monitoring. In all, 69.4% of the patients had low BMD. Multivariate analysis showed that age, calcium supplementation, and previous osteoporosis or osteopenia were associated with low BMD, while age, vitamin D supplementation, use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and low BMD were associated with previous fractures (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Among patients with obesity identified from a tertiary hospital database, those with low bone mass and risk factors traditionally associated with fractures had an increased history of fractures. Patients with greater BMI had better bone mass and fewer fractures. These findings indicate that the association between reduced weight, risk factors for osteoporosis, and fractures remained despite the presence of obesity in our population.

Osteoporosis, un problema de salud de estos tiempos / Osteoporosis, a health problem of our times

RESUMEN En los adultos mayores existen múltiples enfermedades que afectan su calidad de vida y el logro de una longevidad satisfactoria. Una de ellas es la osteoporosis, enfermedad de elevada incidencia a nivel mundial, lo cual también se refleja en Cuba. Siendo una afección que conlleva a un alto grado de discapacidad, constituye un problema en el campo de la salud y de magnitud epidémica, más aún cuando la supervivencia de la humanidad tiende al aumento. Con el objetivo de estructurar los referentes teóricos sobre la osteoporosis, que contribuyan a la capacitación de médicos y estudiantes de Medicina como promotores de salud en prevención primaria de esta enfermedad, se realizó el siguiente artículo científico. Los factores que predisponen la aparición de la enfermedad son diversos, algunos modificables. Se señaló la importancia de su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como formas de actuar sobre la misma, para modificar estilos de vida en la comunidad (AU).

ABSTRACT There are many diseases affecting life quality and the achievement of a satisfactory longevity in elder people; osteoporosis, a disease of high incidence around the world that also strikes in Cuba, is found among them. It is an affection leading to a high disability level, being a problem in the health field with an epidemic magnitude, even more when the human kind survival tends to increase. The current scientific article was written with the objective of structuring the theoretical referents on osteoporosis contributing to train Medicine doctors and students as health promoters in the primary prevention of this disease. The factors predisposing the disease's appearance are different, some of them modifiable. It is also stated the importance of its prevention, diagnosis and treatment, and also forms and ways of working on it to modify life styles in the community (AU).

Factors influencing peak bone mass gain / 医学前沿

Bone mass is a key determinant of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Epidemiologic studies have shown that a 10% increase in peak bone mass (PBM) at the population level reduces the risk of fracture later in life by 50%. Low PBM is possibly due to the bone loss caused by various conditions or processes that occur during adolescence and young adulthood. Race, gender, and family history (genetics) are responsible for the majority of PBM, but other factors, such as physical activity, calcium and vitamin D intake, weight, smoking and alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, age at menarche, and other secondary causes (diseases and medications), play important roles in PBM gain during childhood and adolescence. Hence, the optimization of lifestyle factors that affect PBM and bone strength is an important strategy to maximize PBM among adolescents and young people, and thus to reduce the low bone mass or osteoporosis risk in later life. This review aims to summarize the available evidence for the common but important factors that influence bone mass gain during growth and development and discuss the advances of developing high PBM.

Factores biológicos relacionados con la masa ósea en hombres de edad mediana / Biological Factors Associated to Bone Mass in Middle-Aged Men

RESUMEN Introducción: La osteoporosis masculina es una enfermedad clínica heterogénea y subdiagnosticada, con múltiples factores de riesgo. Requiere un proceso de diagnóstico en ocasiones más complejo que en las mujeres. Objetivo: Identificar factores biológicos relacionados con la masa ósea en hombres de edad mediana. Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 43 hombres de edad mediana (40-59 años) entre abril de 2017 y mayo de 2018, que fueron atendidos en el Policlínico Universitario Vedado. Se estudiaron los antecedentes patológicos familiares (APF) de osteoporosis masculina o fracturas por fragilidad, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura (CC), presión arterial (PA), glucemia, colesterol, triglicéridos, creatinina, hormona luteinizante, folículo estimulante, estradiol, testosterona (T), prolactina y paratohormona (PTH) y densitometría dual de Rx (DXA). Según edad y resultado de la DXA, se crearon 4 grupos (de 40-49 y de 50-59 años, en L1-L4 y fémur). Se identificaron hombres con hueso normal y mala masa ósea (MMO). Se determinaron distribuciones de frecuencia (variables cualitativas), y mediana y rango (cuantitativas). Se empleó chi cuadrado para determinar relación entre variables cualitativas y Mann-Whitney para cuantitativas. Para establecer correlación entre variables cuantitativas, se calculó el test de Pearson. Resultados: En hombres de 50-59 años, con antecedentes patológicos familiares de fracturas por fragilidad, predominó la mala masa ósea (75 por ciento). La mediana del índice de masa corporal en hombres de 40-49 años fue mayor (26,7 Kg/m2sc) en los que tenían hueso normal en L1-L4; en los de 50-59 años con aumento de la circunferencia de la cintura predominó la mala masa ósea (3; 75 por ciento). La presión arterial sistólica y diastólica se correlacionaron positivamente con la densidad mineral ósea en L1-L4 ([r = 0,225; p = 0,009], [r = 0,263; p = 0,002]). Hubo correlación positiva entre colesterol y contenido mineral óseo en fémur (r = 0,164; p = 0,002). La testosterona resultó más baja en hombres con hueso normal (40-49 años: 15,3 nmol/L; 50-59 años: 12,5 nmol/L). Se observó correlación negativa entre paratohormona y contenido mineral óseo en fémur (r = -0,324; p = 0,000). Conclusiones: Se puede concluir que, de los factores biológicos estudiados en los hombres de edad mediana del Policlínico Universitario Vedado, los niveles más elevados de presión arterial y colesterol, y más bajos de paratohormona, se asociaron con mejor masa ósea(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Male osteoporosis is a heterogeneous and underdiagnosed clinical condition and with multiple risk factors, which requires a diagnostic process that is sometimes more complex than for women. Objective: To identify biological factors related to bone mass in middle-aged men from "Vedado" University Polyclinic. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out with 43 middle-aged (40-59 years old) men, between April 2017 and May 2018. The variables were family pathological history of osteoporosis or fragility fractures, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, glycemia, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, luteinizing hormone, stimulating follicle, estradiol, testosterone, prolactin and parathyroid hormone, and dual x-ray densitometry. According to age and results of the dual x-ray densitometry, four groups were created (40-49 and 50-59 years old, in L1-L4 and femur). The men with normal bone and poor bone mass were identified. Frequency distributions (qualitative variables), as well as median and range (quantitative variables) were determined. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between qualitative variables, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for quantitative variables. To establish correlation between quantitative variables, the Pearson test was used. Results: Among men aged 50-59 years and with a family pathological history of fragility fractures, poor bone mass prevailed (75 percent). The median body mass index among men aged 40-49 years was higher (26.7 kg/m2sc) in those with normal bone in L1-L4; among those aged 50-59 years and with increased waist circumference, poor bone mass predominated (3; 75 percent). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were correlated positively with bone mineral density in L1-L4 [(r = 0.225, p = 0.009), (r = 0.263, p = 0.002)]. There was a positive correlation between cholesterol and bone mineral content in the femur (r = 0.164, p = 0.002). T was lower among men with normal bone (15.3 nmol/L for the group 40-49 years old, and 12.5 nmol/L for the group 50-59 years old). A negative correlation was observed between the parathyroid hormone and bone mineral content values in the femur (r = -0.324, p = 0.000). Conclusions: Among the biological factors studied in middle-aged men from "Vedado" University Polyclinic, higher levels of blood pressure and cholesterol, as well as lower levels of the parathyroid hormone were concluded to be associated with better bone mass(AU)

Renal osteodystrophy and clinical outcomes: data from the Brazilian Registry of Bone Biopsies - REBRABO / Osteodistrofia renal e desfechos clínicos: dados do Registro Brasileiro de Biópsias Ósseas - REBRABO

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mineral and bone disorders (MBD) are major complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related adverse outcomes. The Brazilian Registry of Bone Biopsy (REBRABO) is an electronic database that includes renal osteodystrophy (RO) data. We aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of RO in a sample of CKD-MBD Brazilian patients and understand its relationship with outcomes. Methods: Between August 2015 and March 2018, 260 CKD-MBD stage 3-5D patients who underwent bone biopsy were followed for 12 to 30 months. Clinical-demographic, laboratory, and histological data were analyzed. Bone fractures, hospitalizations, and death were considered the primary outcomes. Results: Osteitis fibrosa, mixed uremic osteodystrophy, adynamic bone disease, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and aluminum (Al) accumulation were detected in 85, 43, 27, 10, 77, and 65 patients, respectively. The logistic regression showed that dialysis vintage was an independent predictor of osteoporosis (OR: 1.005; CI: 1.001-1.010; p = 0.01). The multivariate logistic regression revealed that hemodialysis treatment (OR: 11.24; CI: 1.227-100; p = 0.03), previous parathyroidectomy (OR: 4.97; CI: 1.422-17.241; p = 0.01), and female gender (OR: 2.88; CI: 1.080-7.679; p = 0.03) were independent predictors of Al accumulation; 115 patients were followed for 21 ± 5 months. There were 56 hospitalizations, 14 deaths, and 7 fractures during follow-up. The COX regression revealed that none of the variable related to the RO/turnover, mineralization and volume (TMV) classification was an independent predictor of the outcomes. Conclusion: Hospitalization or death was not influenced by the type of RO, Al accumulation, or TMV classification. An elevated prevalence of osteoporosis and Al accumulation was detected.

RESUMO Introdução: Os distúrbios minerais e ósseos (DMO) são importantes complicações da doença renal crônica (DRC) associadas à desfechos adversos. O Registro Brasileiro de Biópsia Óssea (REBRABO) é um banco de dados eletrônico que inclui dados sobre osteodistrofia renal (OR). Nosso objetivo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico da OR em uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros com DMO-DRC e entender sua associação com os desfechos. Métodos: Entre agosto de 2015 e março de 2018, 260 pacientes com DMO-DRC estágio 3-5D submetidos à biópsia óssea foram acompanhados por 12 a 30 meses. Dados clínico-demográficos, laboratoriais e histológicos foram analisados. Fraturas ósseas, hospitalizações e óbito foram considerados como desfechos primários. Resultados: Osteíte fibrosa, osteodistrofia urêmica mista, doença óssea adinâmica, osteomalácia, osteoporose e acúmulo de alumínio (Al) foram detectados em 85, 43, 27, 10, 77 e 65 pacientes, respectivamente. A regressão logística mostrou que o tempo em diálise foi um preditor independente de osteoporose (OR: 1.005; IC: 1.001-1.010; p = 0,01). A regressão logística multivariada revelou que o tratamento hemodialítico (OR: 11,24; IC: 1,227-100; p = 0,03), paratireoidectomia prévia (OR: 4,97; IC: 1,422-17,241; p = 0,01) e sexo feminino (OR: 2,88; IC: 1,080-7,679; p = 0,03) foram preditores independentes de acúmulo de Al; 115 pacientes foram acompanhados por 21 ± 5 meses. Houve 56 internações, 14 óbitos e 7 fraturas durante o seguimento. A regressão COX revelou que nenhuma das variáveis relacionadas ao tipo de OR/remodelação-mineralização-volume (classificação TMV) foi um preditor independente de desfechos. Conclusão: A hospitalização ou óbito não foram influenciadas pelo tipo de OR, acúmulo de Al ou classificação de TMV. Foi detectada uma prevalência elevada de osteoporose e acúmulo de Al.

Artropatías en el adulto mayor / Arthropathies in the elderly

Introducción: Los pacientes mayores de 65 años son la parte de la población más afectada por las enfermedades reumáticas. El diagnóstico reumatológico en los ancianos se complica por las manifestaciones clínicas que imitan los cambios relacionados con la edad. Objetivo: Sintetizar los aspectos generales del manejo clínico, el diagnóstico y la terapéutica de las principales enfermedades reumáticas inflamatorias y no inflamatorias en este subgrupo de población. Desarrollo: Los principales trastornos musculoesqueléticos no inflamatorios que afectan a los adultos mayores son la osteoartritis, la osteoporosis y el dolor de espalda, mientras que las artritis inflamatorias predominantes comprenden la artritis reumatoide, la artropatía cristalina, la polimialgia reumática y las formas inflamatorias de la osteoartritis. Conclusiones: Para el diagnóstico y la terapéutica de las principales enfermedades reumáticas (inflamatorias y no inflamatorias) en este subgrupo de población, es necesario el enfoque multidisciplinar(AU)

Introduction: It is recognized that patients older than 65 years are the part of the population most affected by rheumatic diseases. The rheumatological diagnosis in the elderly is complicated by clinical manifestations, which mimic the changes related to age. Objective: To synthesize the general aspects of clinical management, diagnosis and therapy of the main rheumatic diseases inflammatory and non-inflammatory in this subgroup of the population. Development: The main non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders that affect older adults are osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and back pain, while the predominant inflammatory arthritis include rheumatoid arthritis, crystalline arthropathy, polymyalgia rheumatica and the inflammatory forms of osteoarthritis. Conclusions: It is vital for academics to be involved in the rheumatological aspects of aging and call attention to the imperative that is to promote reflective discussion within community medicine to address the impact of musculoskeletal problems that affect function and mobility of the elderly and immune dysregulation in aging, among other issues(AU)

Morbidades referidas por professores de medicina / Morbidities reported by medical teachers

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência do relato de diagnóstico médico de doenças crônicas e fatores associados entre professores. Métodos: Estudo transversal em amostra do tipo censo do corpo docente do curso de medicina de uma universidade da Região Sul do Brasil, utilizando-se como instrumento o questionário adaptado da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico. Resultados: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis mais frequentes na amostra estudada foram a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (19,2%) e a dislipidemia (15,4%). A comparação da ocorrência das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis pelas razões de prevalência, segundo as características individuais da amostra total (n=156), mostrou frequência quase seis vezes maior de hipertensão nos professores com excesso de peso (33,3%) do que entre os eutróficos (5,1%) e cinco vezes maior entre os professores com 45 anos ou mais (33,3%) do que entre os mais jovens (6,2%). Conclusão: Os achados da pesquisa colocam em evidência a relevância da prevenção dos fatores de riscos modificáveis, para reduzir a incidência das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, além do controle adequado para a população que já apresenta a doença instalada.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of medical diagnosis of chronic diseases and associated factors among teachers. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with census-type sampling of the faculty of the medical school of a university in the south region of Brazil, using as instrument the adapted questionnaire of the Surveillance of Risk Factors and Protection for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Inquiry. Results: The most frequent chronic noncommunicable diseases in the study sample were Systemic Arterial Hypertension (19.2%) and dyslipidemia (15.4%). The comparison of the occurrence of chronic noncommunicable diseases by prevalence ratios according to the individual characteristics of the total sample (n=156) showed an almost 6-fold higher frequency of hypertension in overweight teachers (33.3%) compared to the eutrophic (5.1%) and five times higher among teachers aged 45 years or more (33.3%) than among the younger ones (6.2%). Conclusion: The research findings highlight the relevance of the prevention of modifiable risk factors, in order to reduce the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases, as well as the adequate control for the population that already has the disease.

Evaluation of bone mass and relevance ratio of osteoporosis among middle aged and elderly population in Beijing community / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relevance ratio of osteoporosis and bone mass of middle aged and elderly people in Beijing communities, in order to understand occurrence and development trend of abnormality of bone mass in high-risk population from community.@*METHODS@#Based on the method of cross-sectional investigation, the information data of 1 540 middle-aged and elderly people from 10 communities were collected, including 415 males and 1 125 females, aged from 45 to 80 years old with the average of (63.02±7.15) years old; the height was (161.34±7.24) cm, the weight was (65.90±10.19) kg, body mass index was (25.29±3.32) kg /m2. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebrae (L@*RESULTS@#The level of β-CTX was(0.27±0.12) ng /ml, procollanen type 1 N-terminal propeptide(P1NP) was(51.03± 22.36) ng /ml, 25(OH) D3 was (16.68±6.24) ng /ml, serum calcium was(2.34±0.09) mmol / L, blood phosphorus was (1.43± 0.37) mmol / L, and blood magnesium was (0.94±0.07) mmol / L, alkaline phosphatase was (79.28±20.48) U/ L, parathyroid hormone was (3.09±1.60) pmol / L, osteocalcin was (13.29±6.65) ng /ml. Except for blood magnesium, the other indexes had significant differences between different sex groups(@*CONCLUSION@#There are obvious differences in relevance ratio of osteoporosis and low bone mass among different sites. It is suggested that the clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis should be combined with bone mineral density and bone metabolic markers. With the increasing prevalence of osteoporosis among middle aged and elderly people in Beijing community, continuous follow-up research based on community primary health care units could promote early examination, early diagnosis, and early treatment of middle aged and elderly people at high risk of osteoporosis in community.

Factores relacionados con la masa ósea en hombres de edad mediana / Factors related to bone mass in middle-aged men

RESUMEN Introducción: La osteoporosis representa un problema de salud debido al impacto en la morbilidad, mortalidad, calidad de vida y altos costos. Los factores de riesgo asociados a la osteoporosis han sido poco abordados en hombres cubanos. Objetivo: Determinar la masa ósea y su posible relación con factores sociodemográficos y del estilo de vida en hombres de edad mediana del Policlínico Universitario "Vedado". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó hombres de edad mediana. De la planilla de recolección de datos se extrajeron: sociodemográficos, estilo de vida y elementos del examen físico. Se realizó densitometría para determinar la masa ósea. Se crearon 4 grupos (de 40-49 y de 50-59 años en L1-L4 y fémur, solo se analizó L1-L4), se determinaron las personas con hueso normal y mala masa ósea (MMO) y se asociaron con los factores de riesgo. Resultados: En los hombres estudiados predominó el hueso normal: L1-L4 (27 = 62,8 por ciento) y fémur (38 = 88,4 por ciento). En los hombres entre 50-59 años, el 85,7 por ciento de los que tenían piel mestiza presentaron MMO, el 100 de los que tenían piel blanca y el 83,3 por ciento de los de piel negra, tuvieron hueso normal (p = 0,017). En los dos grupos, se observó un predominio del hueso normal, en los que tenían alimentación adecuada (100 por ciento) y aceptable (66,6 por ciento). En los de 40-49 años que realizaban actividad física, predominó el hueso normal; de 50-59 la mala masa ósea (6 = 60 por ciento). En ambos grupos, los que consumían bebidas alcohólicas y fumaban, predominaron en el grupo con hueso normal. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los hombres estudiados tenían masa ósea normal, la afectación fue mayor en L1-L4. La mayor edad y el color de piel mestiza, en hombres de 50-59 años, se asociaron con mayor daño óseo; factores del estilo de vida no se relacionaron con la masa ósea(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteoporosis represents a health problem due to the impact on morbidity, mortality, quality of life and high costs. The risk factors associated with osteoporosis have been poorly addressed in Cuban men. Objective: To determine the bone mass and its possible relationship with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in middle-aged men at Vedado University Polyclinic. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in middle-aged men. From the data collection form were extracted sociodemographic, lifestyle and physical examination elements. Densitometry was performed to determine bone mass. Four groups (40-49 and 50-59 years in L1-L4 and femur were created, only L1-L4 was analyzed). People with normal bone and poor bone mass were identified and associated with risk factors. Results: Normal bone predominated in the studied men, L1-L4 (27 = 62.8 percent) and femur (38 = 88.4 percent). 85.7 percent between 50-99 years with meztizo skin color presented poor bone mass. Normal bone was evidenced in white and black skin subjects (100 and 83.3 percent) (p = 0.017). In both groups, predominance of normal bone was observed in those with adequate (100 percent) and acceptable diet (66.6 percent). In those 40-49 year-old subjects who had physical activity, normal bone predominated; but in those 50-59 year-old subjects, bad bone mass predominated (6 = 60 percent). In both groups, normal bone predominated in those who consumed alcoholic beverages and smoked in both groups. Conclusions: Most of the men studied had normal bone mass, the affectation was greater in L1-L4. Older age and mestizo skin color in 50-59 year-old men were associated with greater bone damage. Lifestyle factors were not related to bone mass(AU)

Evaluation of bone disease in patients with cystic fibrosis and end-stage lung disease / Avaliação de doença óssea em pacientes com fibrose cística e doença pulmonar terminal

ABSTRACT Objective: Bone disease is a common comorbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We sought to determine risk factors and identify potential biochemical markers for CF-related bone disease (CFBD) in a unique cohort of CF patients with end-stage lung disease undergoing lung transplantation (LTx) evaluation. Methods: All of the CF patients who were evaluated for LTx at our center between November of 1992 and December of 2010 were included in the study. Clinical data and biochemical markers of bone turnover, as well as bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, were evaluated. Spearman's rho and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Results: A total of 102 adult CF patients were evaluated. The mean age was 28.1 years (95% CI: 26.7-29.5), and the mean body mass index was 17.5 kg/m2 (95% CI: 17.2-18.2). Mean T-scores were −2.3 and −1.9 at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively, being lower in males than in females (−2.7 vs. −2.0 at the lumbar spine and −2.2 vs. −1.7 at the femoral neck). Overall, 52% had a T-score of < −2.5 at either skeletal site. The homozygous Phe508del genotype was found in 57% of patients without osteoporosis and in 60% of those with low BMD. Mean T-scores were not particularly low in patients with severe CFTR mutations. Although the BMI correlated with T-scores at the femoral neck and lumbar spine, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels did not. Conclusions: CFBD is common in CF patients with end-stage lung disease, particularly in males and patients with a low BMI. It appears that CF mutation status does not correlate with CFBD. In addition, it appears that low BMD does not correlate with other risk factors or biochemical parameters. The prevalence of CFBD appears to have recently decreased, most likely reflecting increased efforts at earlier diagnosis and treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: A doença óssea é uma comorbidade comum em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). Nosso objetivo foi determinar os fatores de risco e identificar possíveis marcadores bioquímicos de doença óssea relacionada à FC (DOFC) em uma coorte única de pacientes com FC e doença pulmonar terminal submetidos a avaliação para transplante de pulmão (TxP). Métodos: Todos os pacientes com FC avaliados para TxP em nosso centro entre novembro de 1992 e dezembro de 2010 foram incluídos no estudo. Foram avaliados dados clínicos e marcadores bioquímicos de remodelação óssea, bem como a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) na coluna lombar e colo do fêmur. Foram usados rô de Spearman e análise de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram avaliados 102 pacientes adultos com FC. A média de idade foi de 28,1 anos (IC95%: 26,7-29,5), e a média do índice de massa corporal foi de 17,5 kg/m2 (IC95%: 17,2-18,2). A média do escore T foi de −2,3 e −1,9 na coluna lombar e colo do fêmur, respectivamente, sendo menor nos homens que nas mulheres (−2,7 vs. −2,0 na coluna lombar e −2,2 vs. −1,7 no colo do fêmur). No geral, 52% apresentaram escore T < −2,5 em um dos dois sítios esqueléticos. O genótipo homozigoto para Phe508del foi encontrado em 57% dos pacientes sem osteoporose e em 60% daqueles com DMO baixa. A média do escore T não foi particularmente baixa em pacientes com mutações graves do gene CFTR. Embora o IMC tenha se correlacionado com o escore T no colo do fêmur e coluna lombar, os níveis séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D e paratormônio não o fizeram. Conclusões: A DOFC é comum em pacientes com FC e doença pulmonar terminal, particularmente em homens e pacientes com IMC baixo. O estado de mutação da FC aparentemente não se correlaciona com a DOFC. Além disso, aparentemente não há correlação entre DMO baixa e outros fatores de risco ou parâmetros bioquímicos. A prevalência de DOFC parece ter diminuído recentemente, o que provavelmente é reflexo do aumento dos esforços para antecipar o diagnóstico e tratamento.

Baseline characteristics of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with teriparatide in a real-world setting in Latin America: a subregional analysis from the Asia and Latin America Fracture Observational Study (ALAFOS)

Abstract Background: Osteoporosis is a major healthcare concern in Latin America. Factors such as changing demographics, fragmented healthcare systems, and financial considerations may result in a huge increase in the burden of osteoporosis in this region. The aim of this article is to describe the baseline clinical characteristics and fracture history of patients who are prescribed teriparatide in normal clinical practice in Latin America. Methods: We conducted a prospective, multinational, observational study (the Asia and Latin America Fracture Observational Study [ALAFOS]) in 20 countries worldwide to assess the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis receiving teriparatide as a part of routine clinical practice in a real-world setting. In this subregional analysis of the ALAFOS study, we report the clinical characteristics, fracture history, risk factors for osteoporosis, comorbidities, previous osteoporosis therapies and health-related quality of life measures at baseline for patients from the four participant Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. Results: The Latin America subregional cohort included 546 postmenopausal women (mean [SD] age: 71.0 [10.1] years; range: 40-94 years), constituting 18% of the ALAFOS total population. The baseline mean (SD) bone mineral density T-scores were - 3.02 (1.23) at the lumbar spine and - 2.31 (0.96) at the femoral neck; 62.8% of patients had a history of low trauma fracture after the age of 40 years and 39.7% of patients had experienced ≥1 fall in the past year. Osteoporosis medications were used by 70.9% of patients before initiating teriparatide. The median (Q1, Q3) EQ-5D-5 L Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for perceived health status at baseline was 70 (50, 80). The mean (SD) worst back pain numeric rating scale score for the overall Latin American cohort was 4.3 (3.4) at baseline. Conclusions: This baseline analysis of the Latin America subregion of the ALAFOS study indicates that patients who are prescribed teriparatide in the four participant countries had severe osteoporosis and high prevalence of fractures. They also had back pain and poor health-related quality of life. The proportions of patients with severe or extreme problems on the EQ-5D-5 L individual domains were lower than those in the overall ALAFOS study population.

FRAX-based intervention and assessment thresholds in seven Latin American countries

Age-specific intervention and assessment thresholds were developed for seven Latin American countries. The intervention threshold ranged from 1.2% (Ecuador) to 27.5% (Argentina) at the age of 50 and 90 years, respectively. In the Latin American countries, FRAX offers a substantial advance for the detection of subjects at high fracture risk.INTRODUCTION:Intervention thresholds are proposed using the Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) tool. We recommended their use to calculate the ten-year probability of fragility fracture (FF) in both, men and women with or without the inclusion of bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of this study is to compute FRAX-based intervention and BMD assessment thresholds for seven Latin American countries in men and women ≥ 40 years.METHODS:The intervention threshold (IT) was set at a 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) equivalent to a woman with a prior FF and a body mass index (BMI) equal to 25.0 kg/m2 without BMD or other clinical risk factors. The lower assessment threshold was set at a 10-year probability of a MOF in women with BMI equal to 25.0 kg/m2, no previous fracture and no clinical risk factors. The upper assessment threshold was set at 1.2 times the IT.RESULTS:For the seven LA countries, the age-specific IT varied from 1.5 to 27.5% in Argentina, 3.8 to 25.2% in Brazil, 1.6 up to 20.0% in Chile, 0.6 to 10.2% in Colombia, 0.9 up to 13.6% in Ecuador, 2.6 to 20.0% in Mexico, and 0.7 up to 22.0% in Venezuela at the age of 40 and 90 years, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:In the LA countries, FRAX-based IT offers a substantial advance for the detection of men and women at high fracture risk, particularly in the elderly. The heterogeneity of IT between the LA countries indicates that country-specific FRAX models are appropriate rather than a global LA model (AU)

Sex effects on the association between sarcopenia EWGSOP and osteoporosis in outpatient older adults: data from the SARCOS study

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective was to evaluate the association between sarcopenia (EWGSOP) and osteoporosis in older adults. Subjects and methods: This is a cross sectional analysis of a baseline evaluation of the SARCopenia and OSteoporosis in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Diseases Study (SARCOS). Three hundred and thirty-two subjects over 65 years of age were evaluated. Sarcopenia was determined by EWGSOP flowchart and Osteoporosis was established by WHO's criteria. Physical function, comorbidities and medications were evaluated. Results: Women were older (79.8 ± 7.2 years) than men (78.21 ± 6.7 years) (p = 0.042). Osteoporosis occurred in 24.8% of men, and in 42.7% of women (p < 0.001); sarcopenia occurred in 25.5% of men and in 17.7%, of women (p = 0.103). Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 68% of sarcopenic women, however only 20.7% (p = 0.009) of women with osteoporosis had sarcopenia; in older men, 44.7% of individuals with sarcopenia presented osteoporosis and 42.9% (p = 0.013) of men with osteoporosis showed sarcopenia. In an adjusted logistic regression analyses for sarcopenia, osteoporosis presented a statistically significant association with sarcopenia in men [OR: 2.930 (95% CI: 1.044-8.237; p = 0.041)] but not in women [OR: 2.081 (0.787-5.5; p = 0.142)]; in the adjusted logistic regression analyses for osteoporosis, a statistically significant association occurred in men [OR: 2.984 (95% CI: 1.144-7.809; p = 0.025)], but not in women [OR: 2.093 (0.962-3.714; p = 0.137)]. Conclusion: According to sex, there are significant differences in the association between sarcopenia EWGSOP and osteoporosis in outpatient older adults. It is strong and significant in males; in females, despite showing a positive trend, it was not statistically significant.

Polimorfismos de los genes JAG1, MEF2C y BDNF asociados con la densidad mineral ósea en mujeres del norte de México / JAG1, MEF2C and BDNF polymorphisms associated with bone mineral density in women from Northern México

Resumen Introducción. La osteoporosis se caracteriza por una baja densidad mineral ósea; la composición genética es uno de los factores que más influyen en ella, pero hay pocos estudios de genes asociados con esta condición en la población mexicana. Objetivo. Investigar la posible asociación de ocho polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) de los genes JAG1, MEF2C y BDNF con la densidad mineral ósea en mujeres del norte de México. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 124 mujeres de 40 a 80 años, sin parentesco entre ellas. Su densidad mineral ósea se determinó mediante absorciometría dual de rayos X y la genotipificación se hizo utilizando discriminación alélica mediante PCR en tiempo real; se estudiaron cuatro de los SNP del gen JAG1 (rs6514116, rs2273061, rs2235811 y rs6040061), tres del MEF2C (rs1366594, rs12521522 y rs11951031) y uno del BDNF (rs6265). El análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos se hizo por regresión lineal. Resultados. El SNP rs2235811 presentó asociación significativa con la densidad mineral ósea de todo el cuerpo bajo el modelo de herencia dominante (p=0,024) y, aunque los otros SNP no tuvieron relación significativa con esta densidad, en ninguno de los modelos de herencia estudiados, se observó una tendencia hacia esta asociación. Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que el SNP rs2235811 del gen JAG1 podría contribuir a la variación en la densidad mineral ósea de las mujeres del norte de México.

Abstract Introduction: Osteoporosis is characterized by a low bone mineral density. Genetic composition is one of the most influential factors in determining bone mineral density (BMD). There are few studies on genes associated with BMD in the Mexican population. Objective: To investigate the association of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of JAG1, MEF2C and BDNF genes with BMD in women of Northern México. Materials and methods: This study involved 124 unrelated Mexican women between 40 and 80 years old. BMD was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Genotyping was performed using allelic discrimination by real time PCR. We analyzed the SNP of JAG1 (rs6514116, rs2273061, rs2235811 and rs6040061), MEF2C (rs1366594, rs12521522 and rs11951031), and BDNF (rs6265) and the data using linear regression. Results: The JAG1 SNP rs2235811 was associated with the BMD of the total body under the dominant inheritance model (p=0,024). Although the other SNPs were not associated with BMD in any of the inheritance models studied, a trend was observed. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the SNP rs2235811 in the JAG1 gene might contribute to the variation in BMD in women from northern México.

Prevalencia de osteoporosis y osteopenia en pacientes laboralmente activos / Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients occupationally active

Resumen: Antecedentes: La osteoporosis constituye un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial; afecta a más de 200 millones de personas. Se calcula que de 30 a 50% de las mujeres postmenopáusicas la padecen. De acuerdo con la International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), la osteoporosis es una enfermedad que se distingue por la disminución de la densidad y calidad de los huesos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la prevalencia de osteoporosis y osteopenia en trabajadores activos sanos. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo observacional con trabajadores activos de sexo masculino y femenino en quienes se evaluó la densidad mineral ósea por absorciometría dual de rayos X (DXA) central de cadera y columna. El tiempo de evaluación fue de Junio de 2009 a Junio de 2010. Resultados: Se reclutaron 1,431 pacientes: 258 (18%) hombres y 1,173 (82%) mujeres. De acuerdo con los parámetros internacionales, los diagnósticos de las densitometrías centrales fueron, de manera global: normales, 572 sujetos (40%); con osteopenia, 601 (42%); con osteoporosis, 258 (18%). Discusión: Los resultados demuestran que las alteraciones degenerativas en pacientes con osteoporosis u osteopenia son frecuentes, incluso entre personas jóvenes.

Abstract: Background: Osteoporosis is a public health problem worldwide, affecting more than 200 million people. It is estimated that 30 to 50% of postmenopausal women suffer from it. According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in the density and quality of bones. The objective of this work was to know the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in healthy active workers. Methods: Retrospective, observational study with active male and female workers in whom bone mineral density was evaluated by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine. The evaluation time was from June 2009 to June 2010. Results: A total of 1,431 patients were recruited: 258 (18%) men and 1,173 (82%) women. According to the international parameters, the diagnoses of the central densitometries were, overall: 572 normal subjects (40%), 601 (42%) with osteopenia and 258 (18%) with osteoporosis. Discussion: The results show that degenerative alterations in patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia are frequent, even among young people.